微生物法和微生物生态法的评价和选用

微生物法和微生物生态法作为生物治理方案的两大类型，已日益受到环保工作者的重视。这两种类型的治理方法各有特点，各有利弊。如何选择使用？主要取决于污染场所中污染形成的时间长短、污染程度、污染物浓度、污染物中是否含有污水、是否需要快速治理等。应明确指出的是，采用生物治理法虽可在多种情况下大大降低污染物的浓度，但从长远来看，还不能单纯依靠降低污染物的排放浓度，而是应从低浓度污染物对人和环境产生的长期影响着眼，制定出一套治理标准，这样才能准确评价生物治理技术在环境保护中所起的真正作用。     

尿中氚水和总氚的对比分析测定研究

用蒸馏液闪法测量尿中氚水浓度 ,用氧化蒸馏液闪法测量尿中总氚 (氚水和有机氚 )浓度。同时测量了 1999年核设施退役时接触氚人员的高于本底水平的尿中氚水和总氚浓度 72个样品。比较氚水和有机氚浓度 ,得到有机氚浓度占氚水浓度的平均值为 (5 4± 3 7) % ,其值与理论值和动物实验值基本相符     

微好氧颗粒污泥工艺降解五氯酚的实验研究

微好氧颗粒污泥工艺能够同时进行好氧氧化和厌氧还原过程，是处理五氯酚（PCP）的理想方法。对影响好氧颗粒污泥降解PCP的因素水力学上升流速、碱加入量以及水力停留时间进行考察。结果表明，水力学上升流速为4.58m／h，进水NaHCO3浓度为900mg／L，水力停留时间为24h时，处理效果比较好。     

2008年低温雨雪冰冻对武汉城市公共交通的影响评估

为了对2008年低温雨雪期间气象条件对城市交通运输的影响给出定量评估，运用天气分析及统计学方法，分析了低温雨雪冰冻期间武汉市主要气候特征，利用2008年初持续低温雨雪期间武汉城市公共交通线路（包括公交车、轮渡、汽渡）逐日停运数据，定义了持续低温雨雪冰冻过程城市公共交通影响度，通过统计分析，找到了关键气象因子、关键期和低温临界指标，建立了气象评估模型。结果表明：在持续低温雨雪冰冻过程中，初发时期是公共交通影响的关键时期之一，影响度与积雪深度关系最密切，在公交车、轮渡、汽渡3种交通工具中，公交车影响度与气象要素的相关最密切，对武汉城市公交车造成明显影响的临界气温是17℃。该结论在实际的气象灾害评估业务工作中进行了运用，效果良好     

Nitrogen removal from landfill leachate via ex situ nitrification and sequential in situ denitrification

Ex situ nitrification and sequential in situ denitrification represents a novel approach to nitrogen management at landfills. Simultaneous ammonia and organics removal was achieved in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The results showed that the maximum nitrogen loading rate (NLR) and the maximum organic loading rate (OLR) was 0.65 g N l^?1 d^?1 and 3.84 g COD l^?1 d^?1, respectively. The ammonia and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was over 99% and 57%, respectively. In the run of the CSTR, free ammonia (FA) inhibition and low dissolved oxygen (DO) were found to be key factors affecting nitrite accumulation. In situ denitrification was studied in a municipal solid waste (MSW) column by recalculating nitrified leachate from CSTR. The decomposition of MSW was accelerated by the recirculation of nitrified leachate. Complete reduction of total oxidized nitrogen (TON) was obtained with maximum TON loading of 28.6 g N t^?1 TS d^?1 and denitrification was the main reaction responsible. Additionally, methanogenesis inhibition was observed while TON loading was over 11.4 g N t^?1 TS d^?1 and the inhibition was enhanced with the increase of TON loading.     

中国水泥行业节能减排的潜力与成本分析

全球水泥的温室气体排放约占人类活动排放的5%,其中中国的水泥产量就占到世界总量的50%,连续25年居世界第一位,2010年中国水泥总产量达到18.8亿t。水泥行业是我国排放和耗能的大户,其产业特点是总体产量高,企业平均规模小、技术水平低和产品结构落后,因而,水泥行业节能减排行动是我国应对气候变化的重要措施和基本内容,也是实现我国水泥工业可持续发展的重要保证。本文通过大量的实地调研和数据收集,在识别了18种水泥行业节能减排的典型技术基础上,以日产5 000 t的生产线作为基准,通过边际减排成本的测算,定量分析了我国水泥行业节能减排技术的减排潜力和成本,并最终得到这些技术的边际减排成本曲线,按照减排成本由低到高的排序,主要的减排技术分为能源利用效率、替代能源、混合水泥和CCS技术。最后通过分析我国水泥行业节能减排的技术现状及相关的政策障碍,给出了相应的应对措施和政策建议。     

高铁酸钾氧化处理苯酚废水的研究

采用高铁酸钾氧化法处理了具有难生化特性的苯酚废水,以期为该废水提供一种高效经济的处理方法.研究了高铁酸钾加入量、pH值、反应时间、苯酚初始浓度和稳定剂对苯酚废水处理效果的影响.实验结果表明,高铁酸钾投加量为1.2g/L,pH值为4,反应30 min,初始苯酚浓度为100m/L时处理效果最好.所考察的稳定剂包括HAC、N...     

Effects of landfill leachate effluent and bisphenol A on glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes in the gills and digestive glands of the freshwater snail Bellamya purificata

Environmental contaminants with estrogenic activity have recently attracted attention due to their potential detrimental effects on the reproduction of human and wildlife. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of endogenous glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes as biomarkers of exposure to landfill leachate effluent and bisphenol A (BPA) in the freshwater snail, Bellamya purificata. Following exposure to 1%, 5% and 10% landfill leachate effluent and 1, 10, 50 and 100mugl(-1) BPA for 0, 2, 7 and 15d, activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (SeGPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) and levels of total glutathione were measured in the gills and digestive glands of the snails. GST and total glutathione were the most sensitive parameters in both exposure scenarios. GST activities increased by about 80%, while total glutathione decreased to 70% and 80% in the gills and digestive glands, respectively. In contrast, SeGPx and GR activities remained at the same levels in all the treatment groups compared with those of controls. The results indicated that among glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes, GST activity and total glutathione level, which showed dose-dependent dynamics, could be used as biomarkers of aquatic ecosystems contaminated with landfill leachate.     

Influence of clay minerals on the reduction of Cr6+ by citric acid

The influence of clay minerals on the reduction of Cr6+ by citric acid was investigated at pH values 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 at 25 degrees C. The results indicate that montmorillonite and illite greatly accelerate the reduction reactions at pH 4.0 and 4.5, but their effects are dramatically reduced at pH 5.0. The role of clay minerals in accelerating the reactions is in the order: illite>montmorillonite>kaolinite, which has a positive correlation with the amount of Mn2+ adsorbed on the surfaces of these minerals. With light, Fe(3+) also significantly increases reaction rates. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) greatly suppresses the acceleration of the reduction reactions by these minerals, indicating that EDTA competes with citric acid for Mn2+. Thus, the formation of complexes between Mn(2+) and citric acid could be a prerequisite for the acceleration of the reductions of Cr6+ by clay minerals. In addition, there is no relationship between the specific surface area of clay minerals and the reduction rate of Cr6+ by citric acid.     

海洋石油工程清洁生产评估方法研究

从资源能源利用、废弃物产生、废弃物回收利用、污染物处理、环境管理效果和环境响应情况着手,建立了包括6个一级指标、29个二级指标的海洋石油工程清洁生产评估指标体系;研究利用专家调查和层次分析法确定各评估指标的权重值,探索评估指标的赋值方法、标准化方法,提出了海洋石油工程清洁生产综合指数计算方法体系。